履約保證保險

簡要概述

履約保證險(履約責任保險)，使保險公司發揮出擔保公司的作用，同時比普通的擔保貸款更有優勢:首先，購買履約保證險(履約責任保險)
，企業必需提供抵押物
，但貸款金額可以放大到抵押物評估值的3倍;第二，在擔保貸款模式下，如企業貸款100萬元，實際上隻能拿到90萬元，另外10萬元用作保證金。而通過購買履約保證險(履約責任保險)貸款，企業不需繳納貸款金額10%的保證金
，從而降低融資成本;第三，保險保費比擔保費率低。目前
，市場上貸款擔保費用在2.5%~3.5%之間，貸款履約保險費率可低至0.7%。當然
，抵押物變現能力好
、企業償付能力高
、公司經營能力強
、貸款金額在抵押物評估值範圍內，才能獲得超低的保險費率。

基本性質

1、履約保證保險(履約責任保險)實質上是一種財產性保險。

yinweilvyuebaozhengbaoxiandemudeshiweilebuchangyouyujiekuanrenbulvxingyuedinghuofadingyiwugeiyinxingcaichanzaochengdeshijisunshi。tabujuyourenshenxing，huanjuhuashuo，lvyuebaozhengbaoxianbuyirendeshengmingheshentiweibaoxianbiaode
，erqiezaigaizhongbaoxianzhongbaoxianrenjuyoudaiweiqiuchangquan，jidangjiekuanrenbunengjishiguihaidaikuanshiyouyudisanrendeyuanyinzaochengde，baoxianrenzaipeifugeiyinxingxiangyingdedaikuanbenxihou，keyizaipeichangeduneiqudejiekuanrenduidisanrendepeichangqingqiuquan。

2、履約保證保險(履約責任保險)承保的風險具有信用性。

保險從社會角度來看是一種分散風險，消化損失的經濟製度;從cong法fa律lv角jiao度du來lai看kan，保bao險xian是shi一yi種zhong契qi約yue或huo是shi由you於yu契qi約yue而er產chan生sheng的de權quan利li義yi務wu關guan係xi。風feng險xian的de存cun在zai是shi構gou成cheng保bao險xian的de第di一yi要yao件jian，但dan是shi並bing非fei任ren何he風feng險xian都dou可ke以yi構gou成cheng保bao險xian風feng險xian
，隻zhi有you保bao險xian公gong司si予yu以yi受shou理li的de風feng險xian才cai構gou成cheng保bao險xian風feng險xian。因yin此ci，保bao險xian公gong司si在zai簽qian訂ding履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian合he同tong時shi，為wei了le實shi現xian其qi自zi身shen的de利li益yi，必bi然ran對dui借jie款kuan人ren的de經jing營ying狀zhuang況kuang
、資zi產chan狀zhuang況kuang及ji償chang債zhai能neng力li有you一yi定ding的de認ren識shi，對dui借jie款kuan人ren的de信xin用yong有you一yi定ding的de了le解jie。如ru果guo
，企qi業ye信xin用yong狀zhuang況kuang極ji差cha
，根gen本ben沒mei有you履lv約yue能neng力li
，保bao險xian公gong司si自zi然ran是shi不bu會hui對dui其qi履lv約yue能neng力li予yu以yi保bao證zheng的de。

ranerconglilunshangjiang，lvyuebaozhengbaoxianyewudedanshengshijiyuzhaiquanrenduizhaiwurenshifoulvyuedebuquedingxingerchanshengde
，erbaoxiangongsikaizhanzhexiangyewudezuizhongshouyirenyeshizhaiquanren，yincigenjubaoxiandejibenyuanli
，toubaorenzhengchangqingkuangxiayingweizhaiquanrenjiyinxing。danshiyouyuxianshidangzhong
，daikuanlilvdegudingxing
，ruguoyinxingchengdanlvyuebaozhengbaoxiandebaofeijiaofuyiwu，nameshibijiazhongyinxingdefudan。danconglingyifangmianeryan
，youzhaiwurentoubaoyebufuheminshangfadepingdengyuanze，yinweizheyangdezuofatongshiyejiazhonglezhaiwurendefudan。ranerzaixianshitiaojianxia
，youyujiekuanrenzishendechangzhaidanbaonenglijiaochaertongshiguoyoushangyeyinxing、股份製銀行的政策性又較強，因此借款人投保也不失為一個權宜之計。

3、保險人資格的特許性。

根據《中華人民共和國保險法》的de有you關guan規gui定ding
，保bao險xian公gong司si應ying當dang采cai取qu股gu份fen有you限xian公gong司si形xing式shi或huo者zhe國guo有you獨du資zi公gong司si形xing式shi。同tong時shi該gai法fa的de第di七qi十shi條tiao和he七qi十shi一yi條tiao又you規gui定ding了le保bao險xian公gong司si的de設she立li條tiao件jian。但dan是shi並bing非fei符fu合he上shang述shu條tiao件jian的de保bao險xian公gong司si都dou可ke以yi經jing營ying履lv約yue保bao險xian業ye務wu。九jiu十shi年nian代dai前qian期qi，隻zhi有you中zhong國guo人ren民min保bao險xian公gong司si一yi家jia做zuo履lv約yue保bao險xian業ye務wu
，形xing成cheng行xing業ye壟long斷duan之zhi勢shi。隨sui著zhe市shi場chang經jing濟ji的de發fa展zhan，保bao險xian業ye日ri趨qu繁fan榮rong

，越yue來lai越yue多duo的de保bao險xian公gong司si開kai始shi關guan注zhu履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian業ye務wu。在zai這zhe種zhong情qing況kuang下xia，雖sui然ran很hen多duo保bao險xian公gong司si都dou在zai形xing式shi上shang具ju備bei了le經jing營ying履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian業ye務wu的de能neng力li

，但dan是shi隻zhi有you那na些xie經jing過guo國guo家jia保bao險xian監jian管guan部bu門men審shen核he批pi準zhun的de保bao險xian公gong司si才cai能neng經jing營ying此ci類lei業ye務wu。這zhe不bu僅jin在zai我wo國guo保bao險xian人ren資zi格ge需xu要yao有you特te許xu性xing
，在zai世shi界jie各ge國guo也ye大da抵di如ru此ci的de。

特性總結

根據上述履約保證保險的性質，我們會發現它與一般的保險業務不太一樣，而究竟不同在哪裏呢?現將該類保險的特征總結如下:

1、履約保證保險法律關係的主體有三方當事人，即保險公司、借款人、銀(yin)行(xing)。而(er)一(yi)般(ban)的(de)保(bao)險(xian)法(fa)律(lv)關(guan)係(xi)的(de)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)僅(jin)為(wei)投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)和(he)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)兩(liang)方(fang)
，而(er)將(jiang)受(shou)益(yi)人(ren)列(lie)為(wei)保(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)的(de)關(guan)係(xi)人(ren)。這(zhe)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)一(yi)般(ban)的(de)保(bao)險(xian)理(li)賠(pei)是(shi)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)對(dui)投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)直(zhi)接(jie)的(de)無(wu)任(ren)何(he)阻(zu)隔(ge)的(de)賠(pei)償(chang)
，而(er)履(lv)約(yue)保(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)賠(pei)償(chang)針(zhen)對(dui)的(de)不(bu)是(shi)對(dui)投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)即(ji)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)損(sun)失(shi)，而(er)是(shi)針(zhen)對(dui)投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)的(de)債(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)即(ji)銀(yin)行(xing)的(de)損(sun)失(shi)。

2、履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian合he同tong是shi一yi種zhong從cong合he同tong，而er一yi般ban的de保bao險xian合he同tong是shi獨du立li的de合he同tong。保bao險xian合he同tong是shi指zhi投tou保bao人ren交jiao付fu規gui定ding的de保bao險xian費fei，而er保bao險xian人ren對dui承cheng保bao標biao的de因yin保bao險xian事shi故gu所suo造zao成cheng的de損sun失shi，在zai保bao險xian金jin額e範fan圍wei內nei承cheng擔dan賠pei償chang責ze任ren或huo在zai合he同tong約yue定ding的de期qi限xian屆jie滿man時shi
，承cheng擔dan給gei付fu保bao險xian金jin義yi務wu的de協xie議yi。這zhe裏li所suo說shuo的de保bao險xian標biao的de
，對dui一yi般ban的de財cai產chan保bao險xian而er言yan是shi指zhi特te定ding的de財cai產chan或huo者zhe與yu財cai產chan相xiang關guan的de財cai產chan利li益yi;相對於人身保險而言則是指人的生命或健康。而相對於履約保證保險而言

，其標的是"履約"，而(er)履(lv)約(yue)並(bing)不(bu)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)獨(du)立(li)的(de)一(yi)個(ge)標(biao)的(de)，它(ta)依(yi)附(fu)於(yu)債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)的(de)作(zuo)為(wei)或(huo)不(bu)作(zuo)為(wei)是(shi)否(fou)符(fu)合(he)主(zhu)合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)有(you)關(guan)對(dui)債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)義(yi)務(wu)的(de)規(gui)定(ding)，這(zhe)種(zhong)保(bao)險(xian)是(shi)對(dui)債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)的(de)債(zhai)務(wu)償(chang)付(fu)
、違約、失誤承擔附屬性責任的書麵承諾
，因此履約保證保險合同不能脫離主合同而單獨存在。

3、beibaoxianrenduibaoxianrenyouchanghaideyiwu。lvyuebaozhengbaoxianshiyizhongcaichanxian
，yincibaoxianrenduibeibaoxianrenyoudaiweiqiuchangquanzaicijiubuzaixiangshu。zhishizhideyitideshizailvyuebaozhengbaoxianyewuzhong，yidanbaoxiangongsiduiyinxingjinxingpeifuhou，tajiuqudelejiekuanrendezhaiquanrendediwei，cishibaoxiangongsidequanlihenda，qiduijiekuanrendezhaiquanzhuisuoquanyijingbujinjinjuxianyujiekuanrendezhaiwuren，zaifalvyunxudefanweinei，baoxiangongsijiyuqizhaiquanrendediweikeyijiubeibaoxianrendeyiqiecaichanxingshizhuichangquan。

4、保險公司對借款人的資信審查格外嚴格。由於保險公司在辦理履約保證保險業務時其所承保的風險具有很強的信用性,因(yin)此(ci)保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)對(dui)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)的(de)資(zi)信(xin)的(de)審(shen)查(zha)是(shi)非(fei)常(chang)小(xiao)心(xin)的(de)。隻(zhi)有(you)在(zai)他(ta)們(men)對(dui)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)按(an)時(shi)還(hai)款(kuan)有(you)信(xin)心(xin)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，他(ta)們(men)才(cai)會(hui)承(cheng)保(bao)，因(yin)此(ci)對(dui)保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)而(er)言(yan)
，其(qi)所(suo)承(cheng)辦(ban)的(de)大(da)多(duo)數(shu)的(de)履(lv)約(yue)保(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)業(ye)務(wu)中(zhong)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)所(suo)交(jiao)付(fu)的(de)保(bao)險(xian)費(fei)實(shi)質(zhi)上(shang)隻(zhi)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)投(tou)保(bao)的(de)手(shou)續(xu)。

兩者區別

履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian相xiang對dui於yu保bao險xian公gong司si而er言yan僅jin僅jin是shi他ta們men所suo開kai展zhan的de一yi項xiang保bao險xian業ye務wu
，但dan是shi針zhen對dui銀yin行xing而er言yan，履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian則ze是shi一yi種zhong不bu折zhe不bu扣kou的de足zu以yi使shi其qi放fang心xin的de擔dan保bao方fang式shi。而er從cong履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian的de最zui終zhong的de作zuo用yong來lai看kan，它ta也ye確que實shi擔dan負fu著zhe擔dan保bao的de職zhi能neng。但dan是shi根gen據ju《中華人民共和國擔保法》，它所規定的擔保方式隻有抵押、質押、保證、留置、定金五種。那麼為什麼有了上述的諸種擔保方式後，銀行仍然還有時要選擇履約保證保險呢?擔保法中所規定的諸種擔保方式與履約保證保險之間是否存在這相互矛盾的地方?

1、為什麼有了擔保法所規定的五種擔保方式，銀行仍然還會選擇履約保證保險?

大家都知道
，銀行所采用的主要的擔保方式是抵押和保證，而這兩種擔保方式在履行擔保任務時又存在著一定的弊端。

首先就抵押方式而言:diyashizhidiyarenyidanbaozhaiwuqingchangweimude
，buzhuanyizhanyoudijiuzijidecaichanweizhaiquanrenshedingchufenquanhemaidejiajinyouxianshouchangquandewuquanxingwei。diyaquanshiyizhongdanbaowuquan，diyaquanrenjiyucixiangquanlikeyizhijieduiwuxiangyouquanli，keyiduikangwudesuoyourenjidisanren。zhezhongdanbaofangshizaiyinxingfafangdaikuanshijingchangshiyong，danshizhezhongdanbaofangshizaishijizhongcunzaizheyixiebiduan

，jutieryan(1)jiudiyabiaodejiazhieryan，yifangmianyouyuwudeyouxingsunhaohewuxingsunhaokenengshiqizaibeichuzhishidejiazhixiaoyushedingshidejiazhi，congerzaiyidingchengdushang，shizhaiquanrendezhaiquandebudaoyuqideqingchang。lingyifangmian，suizheyixiejishuhanlianggaodediyawuhepeitaodiyawudechuxian，zengjialeduidiyawujiazhipinggudenandu。(2)就jiu抵di押ya登deng記ji而er言yan
，我wo國guo銀yin行xing借jie貸dai業ye務wu中zhong的de抵di押ya合he同tong都dou是shi在zai雙shuang方fang簽qian訂ding的de時shi候hou成cheng立li，而er自zi抵di押ya登deng記ji之zhi日ri起qi開kai始shi生sheng效xiao。但dan是shi辦ban理li抵di押ya登deng記ji的de程cheng序xu又you較jiao為wei繁fan瑣suo。(3)就(jiu)抵(di)押(ya)物(wu)的(de)變(bian)現(xian)而(er)言(yan)，銀(yin)行(xing)在(zai)債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)不(bu)能(neng)如(ru)期(qi)清(qing)償(chang)債(zhai)務(wu)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)處(chu)置(zhi)抵(di)押(ya)物(wu)時(shi)，往(wang)往(wang)由(you)於(yu)抵(di)押(ya)物(wu)的(de)性(xing)質(zhi)而(er)要(yao)由(you)特(te)定(ding)的(de)機(ji)構(gou)拍(pai)賣(mai)，還(hai)要(yao)經(jing)過(guo)法(fa)定(ding)的(de)一(yi)係(xi)列(lie)的(de)程(cheng)序(xu)，這(zhe)就(jiu)增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)銀(yin)行(xing)將(jiang)其(qi)債(zhai)權(quan)變(bian)現(xian)的(de)難(nan)度(du)，進(jin)而(er)影(ying)響(xiang)了(le)銀(yin)行(xing)資(zi)金(jin)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)營(ying)。

其次就保證擔保方式而言:baozhengdanbaofangshifenweiyibanbaozhengheliandaizerenbaozheng。zhenduiyinxing，qisuoyunyongdebaozhengdanbaofangshidoushiliandaizerenbaozheng。suoweiliandaizerenbaozhengshizhidangshirenzaibaozhenghetongzhongyuedingbaozhengrenhezhaiwurenduizhaiwuchengdanliandaizerendebaozheng。liandaizerenbaozhengxiangduiyuyibanbaozhengzerenjiazhonglebaozhengrendezerentongshiyejiaqiangleduizhaiquanrendebaozhang。ranerzhezhongdanbaofangshidebiduanrengranshixianeryijiande:(1)baozhengzaililunshangshuyurenbaofanchou，yincigenjudanbaofajiqisifajieshideguiding，tongyizhaiquanjiyoubaozhengyouyouzhaiwurentigongdewubaoshi，baozhengrenjinjiuwubaofanweiyiwaidezhaiquanchengdanbaozhengzeren。dangzhaiquanrenfangqiwudedanbaode，baozhengrenzaizhaiquanrenfangqiquanlidefanweineimianchubaozhengzeren。yinci
，baozhengzaizhaiquandezhuisuofangmianbujuyouyouxianquan。(2)擔保法對保證人的資格限製性很強，例如擔保法的第八條

、第九條、第十條，擔保法司法解釋的第四條、第di十shi八ba條tiao等deng等deng。使shi得de銀yin行xing在zai稍shao不bu留liu神shen的de情qing況kuang下xia就jiu可ke能neng使shi其qi債zhai權quan脫tuo保bao。此ci外wai還hai由you於yu一yi些xie保bao證zheng人ren的de性xing質zhi比bi較jiao的de模mo糊hu，在zai認ren定ding上shang模mo棱leng兩liang可ke，這zhe也ye給gei銀yin行xing的de債zhai權quan帶dai來lai了le風feng險xian。(3)xiandaijingjidefazhanshideqiyejingyingdefengxianxinghehuolixingbingcun，yibijiaoyichengjiuhuohuimieyigeqiyedexianxiangbingbuhanjian。namezhejiucunzaizheyangdeyigewenti，jibaozhengrenzaishebaoshijingyingzhuangkuanglianghao

，erdaotagailvxingbaozhengzerendeshihouyijingwanquanmeiyouqingchangnengli，congershiyinxingdezhaiquanluokong。

2、擔保法中所規定的諸種擔保方式與履約保證保險之間是否存在這相互矛盾的地方?

鑒於擔保法所規定的諸種擔保方式中，銀行用的最多的是抵押和保證，現僅就抵押
、保證與履約保證保險的關係加以論述。

根據擔保法及其司法解釋

，大家都知道抵押和保證並存於同一債權的關係是:同(tong)一(yi)債(zhai)權(quan)既(ji)有(you)保(bao)證(zheng)又(you)有(you)債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)物(wu)保(bao)時(shi)，保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)僅(jin)就(jiu)物(wu)保(bao)範(fan)圍(wei)以(yi)外(wai)的(de)債(zhai)權(quan)承(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)證(zheng)責(ze)任(ren)，當(dang)債(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)放(fang)棄(qi)物(wu)的(de)擔(dan)保(bao)的(de)，保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)在(zai)債(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)放(fang)棄(qi)權(quan)利(li)的(de)範(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)免(mian)除(chu)保(bao)證(zheng)責(ze)任(ren);同tong一yi債zhai權quan上shang既ji有you保bao證zheng又you有you第di三san人ren提ti供gong的de物wu的de擔dan保bao
，債zhai權quan人ren可ke以yi選xuan擇ze兩liang種zhong擔dan保bao方fang式shi。那na麼me同tong一yi債zhai權quan上shang同tong時shi存cun在zai履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian和he抵di押ya或huo保bao證zheng
，或huo者zhe同tong一yi債zhai權quan上shang同tong時shi存cun在zai履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian

、抵押和保證的時候該如何去處理呢?相信通過下麵的闡述，大家可以自己得出答案。

履約保證保險體現了兩種法律關係:一種是擔保法律關係，另一種是保險法律關係。它所體現的保證法律關係體現在保險公司向銀行出具的保證書;它ta所suo體ti現xian的de保bao險xian法fa律lv關guan係xi體ti現xian在zai借jie款kuan人ren寫xie給gei保bao險xian公gong司si的de投tou保bao申shen請qing書shu和he保bao限xian公gong司si簽qian發fa的de保bao險xian單dan上shang。因yin此ci在zai履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian在zai履lv行xing擔dan保bao職zhi責ze時shi不bu能neng將jiang其qi簡jian單dan的de劃hua歸gui於yu擔dan保bao法fa所suo規gui定ding的de保bao證zheng所suo體ti現xian的de法fa律lv關guan係xi
，更geng不bu能neng認ren為wei抵di押ya擔dan保bao方fang式shi優you先xian於yu履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian適shi用yong。可ke是shi當dang它ta們men並bing存cun於yu同tong一yi債zhai權quan時shi，銀yin行xing該gai怎zen麼me辦ban呢ne?

根據《中華人民共和國擔保法》diwushitiaoguiding
，diyaquanbudeyuzhaiquanfenlidanduzhuanranghuozuoweiqitazhaiquandedanbao。jiangcitiaozuofanmianjieshi
，yejiushishuodiyaquankeyiyuzhuzhaiquanyitongzhuanrang
，ergenjuwuquandeyuanli，wuquanrenduiwushiyouyidingdechufenquande
，yincikeyikendingzheyangdetuilishiwuwude。genju《最高人民法院關於適用〈中華人民共和國擔保法〉若幹問題的解釋》第(di)二(er)十(shi)八(ba)條(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)，債(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)依(yi)法(fa)將(jiang)主(zhu)債(zhai)權(quan)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)給(gei)第(di)三(san)人(ren)的(de)，保(bao)證(zheng)債(zhai)權(quan)同(tong)時(shi)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)，保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)在(zai)原(yuan)保(bao)證(zheng)擔(dan)保(bao)的(de)範(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)對(dui)受(shou)讓(rang)人(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)證(zheng)責(ze)任(ren)。根(gen)據(ju)《中華人民共和國合同法》第八十條可知，債權人轉讓債權對債務人僅有通知的義務
，而無須獲得債務人的同意。根據《中華人民共和國合同法》第八十一條可知，債權人轉讓債權的，受讓人取得與該債權有關的從權利。

jiyushangmiandelunshu，womenjiuhuifaxianlvyuebaozhengbaoxiandecunzaiyudanbaofasuoguidingdezhuzhongdanbaofangshibingcuntongyizhaiquanshi，wulunzaililunshanghaishizaishijianzhongdoubucunzaizhezhangai，lvyuebaozhengbaoxiandecunzaizhishigeiyinxingduojialeyicengbaoxiansuo，shiqizhaiquanshouchangdejilvdadajiaqiangle。yinweiyinxingkeyizaijieshoujiekuanrentigongdedanbaofasuoguidingdegezhongdanbaofangshideqiantixia，yubaoxiangongsiqiandinglvyuebaozhengbaoxianhezuoxieyishu。tongshizaigaixieyishuzhongzhuming:當(dang)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)不(bu)能(neng)如(ru)期(qi)還(hai)款(kuan)時(shi)
，保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)應(ying)該(gai)履(lv)行(xing)賠(pei)付(fu)義(yi)務(wu)。保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)的(de)賠(pei)付(fu)資(zi)金(jin)到(dao)位(wei)後(hou)，銀(yin)行(xing)將(jiang)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)其(qi)對(dui)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)的(de)主(zhu)債(zhai)權(quan)和(he)擔(dan)保(bao)權(quan)給(gei)保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)
，銀(yin)行(xing)將(jiang)不(bu)再(zai)介(jie)入(ru)原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)債(zhai)權(quan)債(zhai)務(wu)法(fa)律(lv)關(guan)係(xi)。

履約保證保險業務是一項特殊的財產保險業務,它是指保險人為被保證人(債務人)向被保險人(債權人)提供保險產品而成立的保險法律關係。當借款人不按期歸還借款本息時,保險人需向被保險人(銀行)賠付所有未還貸款本息。

其幾方當事人的權利義務關係:

(1)投保人向保險人支付保費,購買以銀行為被保險人的履約保證保險;

(2)銀行審查借款人還款能力及履約保證保險保單,發放借款;

(3)一旦出現保險事故時,保險人向被保險人賠付保險金。

風險防範

1、保費交付的問題

為什麼說到適用履約保證保險的風險防範時首先提到的就是保費交付的問題呢?回答這個問題要追溯到對保險合同性質的認定上。

保(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)是(shi)實(shi)踐(jian)性(xing)合(he)同(tong)還(hai)是(shi)諾(nuo)成(cheng)性(xing)合(he)同(tong)
，至(zhi)今(jin)學(xue)術(shu)界(jie)仍(reng)頗(po)有(you)爭(zheng)議(yi)。而(er)理(li)論(lun)界(jie)的(de)這(zhe)種(zhong)爭(zheng)議(yi)
，則(ze)直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)了(le)實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)相(xiang)關(guan)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)解(jie)決(jue)。有(you)一(yi)些(xie)學(xue)者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei)保(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)是(shi)諾(nuo)成(cheng)型(xing)合(he)同(tong)
，根(gen)據(ju)《中華人民共和國保險法》第十二條的規定"投保人提出保險要求
，經保險人同意承保，並就合同的條款達成協議
，保險合同成立。"也ye就jiu是shi說shuo保bao險xian雙shuang方fang當dang事shi人ren隻zhi要yao意yi思si表biao示shi一yi致zhi，保bao險xian合he同tong即ji告gao成cheng立li。可ke是shi在zai這zhe種zhong情qing況kuang下xia，投tou保bao人ren不bu交jiao付fu保bao險xian費fei，保bao險xian人ren又you沒mei有you提ti出chu異yi議yi，以yi致zhi後hou來lai保bao險xian事shi故gu發fa生sheng了le，保bao險xian人ren應ying該gai承cheng擔dan什shen麼me樣yang的de責ze任ren呢ne?難道要雙方依照合同約定各自履行雙方的義務即保險人履行保險義務，而投保人履行交費義務?這似乎有失公允。因此根據《中華人民共和國保險法》第十三條的規定 "保險合同成立後
，投保人應當按照約定交付保費;保險人按照約定的時間承擔保險責任。"bufenxuezheyouzhuzhangbaoxianhetongshishijianxinghetong。keshizhezhongzhuzhangbaoxianhetongdechenglibixuyitoubaorenjiaofeiweitiaojiandeluntiao
，duifenqifenpijiaofubaoxianfeidebaoxianhetongzhongyougairuhejieshi?這個條件的成就是以投保人交付完所有保險費為準還是以交付第一期保險費為準?

綜zong上shang所suo述shu

，對dui於yu銀yin行xing而er言yan，在zai接jie受shou履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian時shi為wei了le債zhai權quan的de安an全quan起qi見jian，銀yin行xing應ying督du促cu借jie款kuan人ren一yi次ci性xing全quan部bu交jiao付fu保bao險xian費fei。如ru果guo借jie款kuan人ren與yu保bao險xian公gong司si協xie議yi采cai取qu分fen期qi分fen批pi交jiao付fu保bao險xian費fei的de，那na麼me應ying要yao求qiu保bao險xian公gong司si在zai與yu銀yin行xing簽qian訂ding的de履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian協xie議yi中zhong明ming示shi，履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian協xie議yi自zi投tou保bao人ren第di一yi次ci交jiao付fu保bao費fei之zhi日ri起qi生sheng效xiao。

2、履約保證保險的除外責任

銀(yin)行(xing)可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)履(lv)約(yue)保(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)取(qu)得(de)債(zhai)權(quan)清(qing)償(chang)的(de)保(bao)障(zhang)這(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)是(shi)毋(wu)庸(yong)置(zhi)疑(yi)的(de)，但(dan)是(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)保(bao)障(zhang)是(shi)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)限(xian)度(du)的(de)，因(yin)此(ci)對(dui)於(yu)這(zhe)個(ge)限(xian)度(du)又(you)一(yi)個(ge)明(ming)確(que)的(de)認(ren)識(shi)，有(you)助(zhu)於(yu)銀(yin)行(xing)更(geng)好(hao)的(de)實(shi)現(xian)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)債(zhai)權(quan)。

履約保證保險僅僅是針對由於借款人的主觀過錯(故意或過失)erbunengruqichanghaizhaiwugeizhaiquanrendezhaiquandailaidecaichansunhaichengdanbaozhengzeren。yinxingzaiyubaoxiangongsiqiandinglvyuebaozhengbaoxianxieyishushi，yingtebiezhuyibaoxiangongsisuodayingdechengbaodefanwei。yibaneryan，baoxiangongsiduixiashudejizhongqingkuangshibuyuyichengbaode:

(1)由於意外事故或者不可抗力而導致借款人不能償還貸款的。眾所周知


，不可抗力和意外事故都是不能預見、不bu能neng避bi免mian並bing且qie難nan以yi克ke服fu的de客ke觀guan情qing況kuang。這zhe種zhong情qing形xing與yu履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian所suo保bao險xian的de由you於yu借jie款kuan人ren主zhu觀guan過guo錯cuo而er不bu能neng正zheng常chang履lv行xing義yi務wu的de初chu衷zhong有you悖bei，因yin此ci保bao險xian公gong司si在zai正zheng常chang情qing況kuang下xia會hui在zai履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian中zhong排pai除chu此ci種zhong情qing形xing的de賠pei付fu。而er銀yin行xing業ye應ying該gai防fang範fan於yu未wei然ran，針zhen對dui此ci種zhong情qing形xing下xia可ke能neng發fa生sheng的de損sun失shi，與yu借jie款kuan人ren商shang定ding風feng險xian的de分fen擔dan或huo者zhe采cai取qu其qi他ta的de保bao險xian險xian種zhong和he擔dan保bao方fang式shi予yu以yi化hua解jie風feng險xian。

(2)對dui於yu產chan品pin質zhi量liang問wen題ti而er導dao致zhi借jie款kuan人ren不bu能neng如ru期qi還hai款kuan的de情qing形xing。保bao險xian公gong司si在zai辦ban理li履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian業ye務wu時shi的de立li場chang通tong常chang是shi對dui借jie款kuan人ren在zai運yun用yong借jie款kuan所suo購gou得de標biao的de物wu由you於yu質zhi量liang問wen題ti或huo者zhe交jiao付fu問wen題ti引yin發fa合he同tong糾jiu紛fen而er影ying響xiang其qi如ru期qi還hai款kuan的de情qing形xing不bu予yu以yi賠pei付fu。原yuan理li相xiang同tong，因yin為wei借jie款kuan人ren不bu能neng還hai款kuan的de原yuan因yin並bing不bu是shi他ta自zi己ji的de主zhu觀guan過guo錯cuo，履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian所suo擔dan負fu的de職zhi責ze已yi經jing被bei超chao越yue，這zhe種zhong情qing形xing應ying該gai屬shu於yu產chan品pin質zhi量liang保bao險xian的de範fan疇chou。此ci時shi銀yin行xing可ke以yi與yu借jie款kuan人ren商shang定ding
，由you供gong銷xiao商shang對dui此ci種zhong情qing況kuang承cheng擔dan保bao證zheng責ze任ren
，或huo者zhe采cai取qu其qi他ta的de擔dan保bao方fang式shi和he保bao險xian方fang式shi。

3
、履約保證保險協議書不能發揮預期效力的情況

(1)zhuhetongzhongyuedingzhaiquanrenbukeyijianghetongzhongdequanlibufenhuoquanbudezhuanranggeidisanrendeqingkuang。baoxiangongsizaijiekuanrenbunengjieqichanghaidaikuandeqingkuangxiaduiyinxingjinxingpeifuhou
，benyingxiangyouzhaiquandezhuisuoquan，zhedianzaicizhiqianyijingxiangshu。keshiyidanzhuhetongzhongyuedingzhaiquanrenbukeyijianghetongzhongdequanlibufenhuoquanbuzhuanranggeidisanrenjiuyiweizheyinxingshijiekuanrendeweiyizhaiquanren
，jiekuanrenchuduiyinxingwaibuzaiduiqitarenfuyouchangfuyiwu，yincibaoxiangongsiduiyinxingjinxingpeifuhou，jiekuanrenbingmeiyouqiuchangquan。yejiushishuozheshidebaoxiangongsizhifuyouyiwuerbuxiangyouxiangyingdequanli，zhebujinzaishijianzhongbaoxiangongsinanyijieshou

，zaililunshangjiangyeweibeilepingdenghechengxindeminfayuanzeyijilvyuebaozhengbaoxiandejibenyuanli。zheshilvyuebaozhengbaoxianxieyishukenenghuibeirendingweiwuxiao
，congeryinxingdezhaiquanmianlinfengxian。

(2)在zai擔dan保bao合he同tong中zhong擔dan保bao人ren與yu債zhai權quan人ren事shi先xian約yue定ding僅jin對dui特te定ding的de債zhai權quan人ren承cheng擔dan擔dan保bao責ze任ren。保bao險xian公gong司si作zuo為wei一yi個ge營ying利li機ji構gou，它ta做zuo履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian業ye務wu的de目mu的de不bu僅jin僅jin是shi賺zhuan取qu可ke觀guan的de手shou續xu費fei，而er且qie它ta們men還hai知zhi道dao在zai為wei數shu不bu多duo的de需xu要yao它ta們men賠pei付fu的de案an件jian中zhong它ta們men還hai可ke以yi在zai借jie款kuan人ren和he借jie款kuan人ren的de擔dan保bao人ren身shen上shang挽wan回hui部bu分fen的de損sun失shi。因yin此ci，保bao險xian公gong司si會hui在zai履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian協xie議yi中zhong與yu銀yin行xing約yue定ding，在zai銀yin行xing得de到dao保bao險xian公gong司si的de賠pei款kuan的de同tong時shi，銀yin行xing要yao將jiang銀yin行xing對dui借jie款kuan人ren的de一yi切qie追zhui索suo權quan轉zhuan讓rang給gei保bao險xian公gong司si。可ke是shi如ru果guo先xian前qian銀yin行xing與yu擔dan保bao人ren在zai合he同tong中zhong約yue定ding擔dan保bao合he同tong不bu可ke以yi轉zhuan讓rang，那na麼me銀yin行xing就jiu無wu法fa將jiang它ta對dui借jie款kuan人ren的de擔dan保bao權quan轉zhuan讓rang給gei保bao險xian公gong司si，而er保bao險xian公gong司si可ke以yi依yi據ju同tong時shi履lv行xing抗kang辯bian權quan不bu對dui銀yin行xing進jin行xing賠pei付fu
，從cong而er使shi得de履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian協xie議yi書shu形xing同tong虛xu設she。另ling外wai，履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian通tong常chang還hai對dui由you於yu借jie款kuan人ren的de原yuan因yin導dao致zhi合he同tong無wu效xiao而er給gei銀yin行xing造zao成cheng的de損sun失shi承cheng擔dan賠pei負fu責ze，如ru果guo銀yin行xing與yu擔dan保bao人ren約yue定ding主zhu合he同tong無wu效xiao，擔dan保bao合he同tong也ye無wu效xiao的de話hua
，又you與yu保bao險xian公gong司si約yue定ding轉zhuan讓rang擔dan保bao權quan與yu獲huo得de賠pei付fu同tong時shi進jin行xing
，仍reng讓rang存cun在zai著zhe影ying響xiang履lv約yue保bao證zheng保bao險xian效xiao力li的de情qing況kuang。

zuihouzhideyitideshi


，lvyuebaozhengbaoxianbaoxianqijiandewenti。yuanzeshang，lvyuebaozhengbaoxiandebaoxianqijianyingdangyuzhuzhaiquandecunxuqijianxiangtong
，danshishijianzhongquebingfeiquandouruci。youyixielvyuebaozhengbaoxiandeqijianyuanyuanduanyuzhuzhaiquandeqijian。zhezhongzuofashifouhefa，womenbuyinglisuodangranyijudanbaofaerjiandandejiayiqueding，haixuyaojinyibudetantao，danshizaishijichulicixiangyewushi，yinxingyinggenjujiekuanrendejingjizhuangkuanghedanbaodekeshixianqingkuang
，duilvyuebaoxianqijianshenzhongjiayiduidai。

發展前景

履約保證保險目前被廣泛應用於銀行貸款、信托計劃以及互聯網金融領域。目前P2P和保險公司合作的履約保證保險是P2P行業普遍認為與保險公司合作的所以險種中最具安全性的保險形式。[1] 而P2P行業內2500+家平台中實現履約保證保險的僅有20+家。[2] suizhejinrongyedebangbofazhanlvyuebaozhengbaoxianjianghuiyuelaiyueduodeyinrudaomaifanganjiedaikuanhemaichedaikuanzhong，congzuidaxiandushangbaohuzhaiquanrenliyi。tongshiyeweidizhiyacheyewudekaizhanbaojiahuhang。