農民工養老保險

概述

suoweinongmingongyanglaobaoxianshiguojiagenjuyidingdefalvhefagui，weiquebaonongmingongdejibenshenghuobaozhangerjianlideyizhongshehuibaoxianzhidu。nongmingonggerenjiaofeiheyonggongdanweijiaofeiyijizhengfucaizhengshourugongtonggouchenglenongmingongtuixiusuolingquyanglaojindeshuzhi。genjuzheng策規定，農民工參加養老保險以後，可以在退休時享受更多的養老金權益。[1]

城鎮農民工是隨著我國城鄉經濟體製改革的不斷深化而產生和發展壯大的群體，是生活在城鎮和農村之間的邊緣人
，具有流動性強、非正規就業多
、ziwobaohunenglichadengtedian。zenyangjiangnongmingongpingwendinarushehuibaoxianzhidutixi
，shiwoguojixujiejuedeyidawenti
，jiudecongjianlinongmingongyanglaobaoxiandebiyaoxingrushou
，fenxinongmingongyanglaobaoxianzhongdewentiyuyuanyin

，bingzaicijichushang，tichuwanshannongmingongyanglaobaoxianwentidejianyi。

必要性

構建和諧社會的重大舉措

農民工是從農民中率先分化出來
，與土地保持著一定經濟聯係
、從事非農業生產和經營、yigongzishouruweijibenshenghuolaiyuan，bingjuyoufeichengzhenjuminshenfendefeinonghuacongyerenyuan

，shiwoguochengzhenhuajinchengzhongxingchengdeteshushehuiqunti。jianlinongmingongyanglaobaoxianzhidu
，shitigaochengzhenhuashuiping
，zhuanyinongcunrenkou，youhuachengxiangjiegou，tuijinchengxiangxianjinshengchanlifazhandezhongdajucuo。yixiandaishehuiyanglaobaoxianzhidutidaichuantongdetudibaozhang
，jiechunongmingongdehouguzhiyou，youzhuyunongmingongsixiangguannianhexiaofeiguanniandexiandaihua，youzhuyuchengxiangjingshenwenmingjianshe，shixianjinwenhuafazhandebiranfangxiang。genjunongmingongliudongxingqiang
，gongzishourudidengtedian，jianlishihenongmingongtediandeyanglaobaoxianzhidu，shizuidaxianduweihunongmingonghefaquanyi，manzunongmingongliyiyaoqiudejutitixian。

維護社會穩定的客觀需要

我國現階段農民工總數在1.5億以上
，80%denongcunjiatingyourenwaichuwugong，ruguonongmingonglaonianshenghuomeiyoubaozhang，shibiyingxiangzhenggenongcundewending。jinhoudaliangshenghuowuzheluodelaoniannongmingongzhiliuchengshi
，jianghuiduishehuihexieyuwending
、chengzhenjingjidefazhanzaochengzhongdayingxiang。qienongmingongzhuyaoshiyinianqingrenzuchengdeyigegaohuoliqunti，ruguoshiqujingjishenghuolaiyuan

，yoububeichengshishehuibaozhangtixisuojiena，duichengshimeiyourenheguishugan
，jianghuigeishehuizhiandailaiyinhuan。weinongmingongjianliyanglaobaoxianzhiduyouliyuweihushehuiwending，yeweigoujianhexieshehuidaxiajianshidejichu。

存在問題

流動性大的特點與製度設計

農nong民min工gong流liu動dong性xing大da的de特te點dian與yu養yang老lao保bao險xian長chang期qi穩wen定ding繳jiao費fei需xu求qiu之zhi間jian的de矛mao盾dun。農nong民min工gong流liu動dong性xing較jiao大da的de特te點dian決jue定ding了le大da多duo數shu農nong民min工gong很hen難nan滿man足zu現xian行xing養yang老lao保bao險xian製zhi度du設she計ji要yao求qiu的de連lian續xu、且長期的繳費時間規定。農民工流動性大的特點與各地繳費基數、jiaofeibilvchayida，wufashunlishixianbaoxianguanxikuadiquzhuanyiyujiexudemaodun。jiaofeijishuhejiaofeibilvshiyanglaobaoxianzhidushejibibeidelianggejibenyaosu
，tamendequedingjuedingbaoxianjijinshuededaxiao。muqianlaikan


，zaigedinongmingongyanglaobaoxiandeshishibanfazhong，cunzaizhejiaofeijishuyujiaofeibilvdiquzhijianchayijiaodadexianshi。dangran，kaolvdaobutongdiqujingjifazhanshuipingdechayi，jiaofeijishuyujiaofeibilvdeduoyanghuaduiyugongpingmubiaodeshixianshihelide，danshi，quedingjiaofeidebiaozhunheyijubutong

，bujinzaochengnongmingongyanglaobaoxianfeiyongjidaiyubiaozhundiquxingchayijiaoda，gengshizhijiezengjialenongmingongliudongshibaoxianguanxiqianchudiyuqianrudizhijiandezhuanyiyuduijiedekunnan。

費率過高與資金供給困難

養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)製(zhi)度(du)的(de)責(ze)任(ren)主(zhu)體(ti)是(shi)用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)和(he)職(zhi)工(gong)個(ge)人(ren)。我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)的(de)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)費(fei)率(lv)也(ye)由(you)企(qi)業(ye)和(he)個(ge)人(ren)共(gong)同(tong)承(cheng)擔(dan)。就(jiu)各(ge)地(di)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)製(zhi)度(du)的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)情(qing)況(kuang)來(lai)看(kan)，繳(jiao)費(fei)率(lv)普(pu)遍(bian)是(shi)參(can)照(zhao)當(dang)地(di)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)職(zhi)工(gong)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)交(jiao)費(fei)率(lv)製(zhi)定(ding)的(de)，存(cun)在(zai)著(zhe)普(pu)遍(bian)過(guo)高(gao)的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。當(dang)前(qian)各(ge)地(di)普(pu)遍(bian)參(can)照(zhao)現(xian)行(xing)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)職(zhi)工(gong)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)製(zhi)度(du)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)繳(jiao)費(fei)基(ji)數(shu)和(he)比(bi)率(lv)，來(lai)設(she)立(li)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)製(zhi)度(du)的(de)費(fei)率(lv)，忽(hu)視(shi)了(le)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)工(gong)資(zi)水(shui)平(ping)普(pu)遍(bian)偏(pian)低(di)的(de)實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)
，超(chao)出(chu)了(le)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)的(de)承(cheng)受(shou)能(neng)力(li)。所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)方(fang)麵(mian)造(zao)成(cheng)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)對(dui)參(can)加(jia)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)的(de)抵(di)製(zhi)情(qing)緒(xu)
；另一方麵
，過高的繳費率也加重了企業的負擔。企業往往為了降低產品成本
，逃避繳費，使得需要劃歸個人賬戶的部分也難以到位。

統籌層次不高且封閉運營

zhidudetongchoucengciyuegao，yueyouliyubutongshoururenqunzhijianshehuibaozhangfengxiandefensan，yueyouliyutixianshehuigongpingyushehuizhengyidehanyi。duiyunongmingongyanglaobaoxianzhidueryan，tongchoudecengciyuegao，yueyouliyunongmingongdeliudong，youliyugenghaodeshixianrenliziyuandezuiyoupeizhi；也利於製度管理成本的節約。目前我國農民工的養老保險製度基本上都隻在縣、市、區(qu)級(ji)內(nei)實(shi)現(xian)統(tong)籌(chou)，且(qie)在(zai)本(ben)區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)封(feng)閉(bi)運(yun)營(ying)。這(zhe)種(zhong)低(di)層(ceng)次(ci)的(de)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)社(she)會(hui)統(tong)籌(chou)，導(dao)致(zhi)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)即(ji)使(shi)參(can)加(jia)務(wu)工(gong)地(di)區(qu)的(de)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)製(zhi)度(du)
，但(dan)由(you)於(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)地(di)轉(zhuan)移(yi)
、“返鄉”等deng遷qian出chu該gai地di區qu時shi，雖sui然ran原yuan則ze上shang可ke以yi自zi由you遷qian轉zhuan社she會hui保bao險xian關guan係xi，或huo一yi次ci性xing退tui還hai保bao險xian費fei，但dan都dou隻zhi能neng帶dai走zou個ge人ren賬zhang戶hu裏li的de錢qian，而er無wu法fa帶dai走zou其qi務wu工gong期qi間jian企qi業ye為wei該gai地di區qu繳jiao納na的de社she會hui統tong籌chou部bu分fen。同tong時shi，當dang農nong民min工gong流liu入ru新xin的de城cheng市shi務wu工gong時shi，更geng不bu可ke能neng享xiang受shou該gai地di區qu社she會hui統tong籌chou部bu分fen的de福fu利li待dai遇yu。這zhe種zhong情qing況kuang導dao致zhi的de直zhi接jie後hou果guo就jiu是shi農nong民min工gong在zai務wu工gong期qi間jian，對dui統tong籌chou賬zhang戶hu的de資zi金jin貢gong獻xian被bei無wu償chang“侵占”，社會保障利益消解以致流失。

理念落後

農(nong)民(min)工(gong)自(zi)身(shen)的(de)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險(xian)認(ren)識(shi)不(bu)足(zu)，維(wei)權(quan)意(yi)思(si)較(jiao)差(cha)。農(nong)民(min)工(gong)的(de)受(shou)教(jiao)育(yu)程(cheng)度(du)普(pu)遍(bian)不(bu)高(gao)
，社(she)會(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)意(yi)識(shi)普(pu)遍(bian)較(jiao)低(di)
，絕(jue)大(da)多(duo)數(shu)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)沒(mei)有(you)風(feng)險(xian)防(fang)範(fan)意(yi)識(shi)，即(ji)使(shi)意(yi)識(shi)到(dao)未(wei)來(lai)養(yang)老(lao)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，也(ye)多(duo)寄(ji)希(xi)望(wang)於(yu)農(nong)村(cun)的(de)“土地保障”以及傳統的“養兒防老”等方式。

法律規定，關於我國農民工養老保險的繳費標準
，用人單位繳費比例為工資總額的12%，比目前規定的平均繳費比例低了8個百分點;農民工個人繳費比例為4%至8%，可以根據本人的收入情況合理選擇和確定。

目前農民工參加養老保險繳費難。農民工工資收入普遍較低，使用農民工集中的企業經濟承受能力也普遍較低;而現行城保製度規定繳費標準較高(用人單位繳納工資總額的20%
，個人繳納工資的8%)，許多農民工及使用農民工集中的企業感到難以承受，因而導致大量的農民工沒有參保。

針對農民工收入普遍偏低的特點，《農民工參加基本養老保險辦法》規定：用人單位繳費比例為工資總額的12%
，比目前規定的平均繳費比例低了8個百分點;農民工個人繳費比例為4%至8%，可ke以yi根gen據ju本ben人ren的de收shou入ru情qing況kuang合he理li選xuan擇ze和he確que定ding。過guo去qu已yi經jing參can加jia城cheng保bao的de農nong民min工gong及ji用yong人ren單dan位wei
，可ke以yi按an照zhao本ben辦ban法fa的de規gui定ding調tiao整zheng繳jiao費fei比bi例li。這zhe樣yang規gui定ding

，可ke以yi大da大da降jiang低di農nong民min工gong及ji其qi用yong人ren單dan位wei的de經jing濟ji負fu擔dan，以yi最zui大da限xian度du地di將jiang農nong民min工gong納na入ru養yang老lao保bao險xian製zhi度du覆fu蓋gai範fan圍wei。

全國統籌

xianxingdeyishixianweitongchouquyudeyanglaobaoxianzhidu，cunzaizhedifangzhengfubujiji，zhuanyijiexunandengzhuduowenti
，yingxianglenongmingongyanglaobaoxianzhidudeshishixiaoguo。ruguogaizhidushixingquanguotongchou，shiqiyudifangcaizhengtuogou，shouzhibuyingxiangdifangcaizheng，yejiubijiaorongyidedaodifangzhengfudezhichi；同時會增加農民工投保的積極性。

建議

推進立法

qianghuazhixing。tongguofalvshouduancushiyongrendanweiyangezunshoulaodongfayouguanlaodonghetongdeguiding，baozhengyongrendanweizhaoyongnongmingongshiqiandinglaodonghetong，yijulaodonghetongweinongmingongjiaonayanglaobaoxianfei。mingquefalvzerenhefalvzhicaicuoshi，yifayanchengxubaozhigongrenshu、taotuojiaonabaoxianzerendengxianxiang。tongshi，dangnongmingonglikaicanbaodifanxiangshi
，benrenshehuiyanglaobaoxianguanxiwufazhuanyide
，zanshifengcunqigerenzhanghu，baoliuqibaoxianguanxi，daiqidadaozuidilingquyanglaojinnianlingshi
，qihujisuozaidishixingnongcunshehuiyanglaobaoxiande
，zhanghuyuejiduiyingdejichuxingyanglaojinquanyihejijinzhuanyizhibenrenhujisuozaidi。daoshirengweijianlinongcunshehuiyanglaobaoxianzhidude
，jianggerenzhanghuyueyicixingtuihaibenren。　

實施土地換保障

適當扶持農民工就業和參加社會養老保險

轉讓農村土地使用權的農民工，可直接參加養老保險，並根據農村土地使用權轉讓的不同形式和收益
，折算為5nianyishangdegerenzhanghujileie，cujinnongmingongcongchuantongtudibaozhangdaoyanglaobaoxiandepingwenguodu。duitudishiyongquanzhihuanchudetudihuanbaozhangzijin，zhijiejinrunongmingongdegerenzhanghu，jikezengjianongmingongyanglaobaoxiangerenzhanghudejilei，youkecujinnongcuntudijingyingguimodekuoda、加快城鎮化進程。

加強社會保障的理念宣傳

僅有硬件製度環境上的建設是不夠的，農民工養老保障製度能否建立，最終還是取決於參與主體的觀念。如果農民工


、企業、用yong人ren單dan位wei的de觀guan念nian不bu能neng轉zhuan變bian
，那na麼me硬ying件jian的de建jian設she隻zhi會hui變bian成cheng一yi種zhong形xing式shi。所suo以yi，政zheng府fu要yao積ji極ji的de加jia強qiang法fa製zhi宣xuan傳chuan，改gai變bian農nong民min工gong對dui養yang老lao保bao障zhang包bao括kuo其qi他ta社she會hui保bao障zhang製zhi度du的de看kan法fa
，改gai變bian他ta們men依yi靠kao家jia庭ting養yang老lao、子女養老的傳統觀念，消除他們對社會保障體係的不信任；同時，還應該對整個社會進行公民平等的教育宣傳，消除人們對農民工的歧視心理，讓農民工真正的融入到城市的生活中去。

農民的身份與工人的職業使得他們處於城市與農村之間的“邊緣地位”，這種尷尬的身份不僅給農民工的心靈帶來創傷，更使許多本應屬於他們的社會權益得不到實現。隻有給農民工以穩定的
、可預期的社會養老保險製度才能有利於和諧社會的構建
，完善社會保障體係、維護農民合法權益是促進社會主義市場經濟發展、保持社會穩定的重要措施。關注農民工的生存環境，關注農民工的權益保障，不僅僅是為了解決當前“民工潮”帶來的各種社會問題，更是我們構建社會主義和諧社會，建設社會主義新農村的需要

，更是社會公平與社會正義的現實體現。